His next inspiration came from Morse code, and he formed his first barcode from sand on the beach. Their first working system used ultraviolet ink, but the ink faded too easily and was expensive.Ĭonvinced that the system was workable with further development, Woodland left Drexel, moved into his father's apartment in Florida, and continued working on the system. Silver told his friend Norman Joseph Woodland about the request, and they started working on a variety of systems. In 1948 Bernard Silver, a graduate student at Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US overheard the president of the local food chain, Food Fair, asking one of the deans to research a system to automatically read product information during checkout. Other systems have made inroads in the AIDC market, but the simplicity, universality and low cost of barcodes has limited the role of these other systems, particularly before technologies such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) became available after 2000. QR codes, a specific type of 2D barcode, have recently become very popular. The very first scanning of the now-ubiquitous Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode was on a pack of Wrigley Company chewing gum in June 1974. Their use has spread to many other tasks that are generically referred to as automatic identification and data capture (AIDC). The project was abandoned after about ten years because the system proved unreliable after long-term use.īarcodes became commercially successful when they were used to automate supermarket checkout systems, a task for which they have become almost universal. The plates were read by a trackside scanner, located for instance, at the entrance to a classification yard, while the car was moving past. Two plates were used per car, one on each side, with the arrangement of the colored stripes encoding information such as ownership, type of equipment, and identification number. Developed by General Telephone and Electronics (GTE) and called KarTrak ACI (Automatic Car Identification), this scheme involved placing colored stripes in various combinations on steel plates which were affixed to the sides of railroad rolling stock. An early use of one type of barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the Association of American Railroads in the late 1960s. However, it took over twenty years before this invention became commercially successful. The invention was based on Morse code that was extended to thin and thick bars. The barcode was invented by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver and patented in the US in 1952 (US Patent 2,612,994). Later application software became available for devices that could read images, such as smartphones with cameras. Initially,were only scanned by special optical scanners called barcode readers. Later, two-dimensional (2D) variants were developed, using rhexagons and other geometric patterns, called matrix codes barcodes, although they do not use bars as such. Traditional barcodes systematically represent data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines, and may be referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D). A barcode (also bar code) is an optical, machine-readable representation of data the data usually describes something about the object that carries the barcode.
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